资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
防二次感染?维护免疫力不能缺少维生素A!****** 目前,全国各地陆续迎来感染高峰,有的人症状相对比较轻微,而有的人则戏称遭受到“新冠十大酷刑”,症状十分严重。感染症状的轻重,除了与毒株有关外,与每个人的免疫力强弱不同也有关。免疫力强的人更不容易出现危重症,痊愈后出现后遗症的概率也相对小。而维护免疫力,促进康复,避免二次感染,都离不开维生素A的帮助。 维生素A有促进上皮细胞的生长和分化的作用,对促进黏膜细胞增生,维持黏膜屏障的完整性有重要作用。 而黏膜是免疫系统的第一道防线,保持体内维生素A充足,有助于加固这道防线。 维生素A的食物来源有两类:一是植物性的,二是动物性的。 植物性食物中,绿色或黄色蔬果如菠菜、韭菜、豌豆苗、苜蓿、青椒、红薯、胡萝卜、南瓜、杏、芒果中含β-胡萝卜素较多,进入体内后会转化成维生素A。 动物性食物中,动物肝脏、鱼肝油、牛奶及蛋类中含量较高,是维生素A的良好来源。 成人维生素A的需要量为男性800微克RAE/天,女性700微克RAE/天。 补充维生素A,给大家推荐以下三种食物—— 推荐一:猪肝 猪肝维生素A含量为4972微克RAE/天,含量非常丰富。 要注意的是,用爆炒的方法烹动物内脏存有一些风险,因为爆炒的过程中可能加热不够充分,没有足够高的温度和时间杀灭肝脏里的寄生虫,而用煮的方法相对更安全。煮的时间尽可能延长,要把猪肝煮烂,烂一点还有利于消化吸收。 如果喜欢炒食,切忌“快炒急渗”,更不可为求鲜嫩而“下锅即起”。要做到煮熟炒透,使猪肝完全变成灰褐色,看不到血丝才好,以确保食用安全。 在食用量上,也不要过多食用猪肝,以免维生素A中毒,一般成人可以每月食用动物内脏2-3次,每次25克(生重)。由于猪肝的胆固醇和嘌呤含量比较高,有忌口的慢性病患者慎吃。 推荐二:菠菜 菠菜富含胡萝卜素,同样可以在体内转化为维生素A。 食用菠菜,烹调前注意一定要焯水1分钟,这样草酸可以被焯掉60%-70%。 关于吃菠菜的量,建议大家一周不超过三次,一般情况下一次可以吃200-300克(生重)。一顿饭炒一盘菠菜,然后一周隔一两天吃一两次,可以热炒,可以煮,可以焯水后凉拌,本着清淡的原则去做都可以。 推荐三:胡萝卜 胡萝卜是胡萝卜素的良好来源。烹调时用油作为载体,能使胡萝卜的营养吸收率更高。 一般来说,炒一盘胡萝卜最大的用油量约10毫升,也就是一汤勺的量。如果不用油的话,同餐有肉类等含有脂肪的食物也可以。 文/于康(北京协和医院临床营养科教授) ◎知识链接◎ 补充维生素C,别只知道柠檬这一种了! 虽然对维生素C能否防治感冒尚无确证,但毋庸置疑的是,对于维生素C摄入不足的人群来说,补充维生素C的确有提高机体免疫力的作用。如果长期缺乏维生素C,会让免疫系统的重要细胞——吞噬细胞的功能受到影响,人更容易感冒,也更容易出现倦怠、全身乏力等情况。 疫情期间,朋友们更要注意维生素C的补充。对于一般成人来说,维生素C的日常摄入量为100毫克/天,预防非传染性慢性病摄入量为200毫克/天。 如果饮食中的维生素C摄入不足,可以在医生指导下,通过服用维生素C补充剂来补充。 不过,补充维生素C并非越多越好。超大量服用维生素C不仅不会提高吸收率,还有可能增加患结石的风险。因此,服用补充剂时要遵医嘱,切勿超量。 补充维生素C最好的办法是吃蔬菜水果,只要是新鲜的,都是维生素C的良好来源。越新鲜,维生素C保留得越好。水果方便食用,不用加热,维生素C不会额外损失,下面推荐三种富含维生素C的水果。 第一种:鲜枣 在常见的水果中,鲜枣的维生素C含量名列前茅,高达243毫克/100克,差不多是苹果的60倍,梨和西瓜的40倍,桃的30倍,柠檬的10倍。 吃鲜枣时注意,一定要慢慢地咀嚼着吃,要把外面的皮嚼碎嚼烂了再吃进去。否则,由于枣皮在胃肠道消化较慢,如果吃得太快,可能会引起胃肠道不适。 在食用量上,一般成人可以每天用手抓一小把,抓多少就吃多少。鲜枣含糖量比较高,糖尿病患者慎吃。 第二种:猕猴桃 猕猴桃的维生素C含量高达62毫克/100克,吃一个普通大小的猕猴桃,可以满足一天维生素C需要量的1/2。普通人一天吃约400克的绿叶菜再加一个猕猴桃,基本就满足了一天的维生素C摄入量了。 除了富含维生素C,猕猴桃还含有较高的膳食纤维和维生素E、K等,对防治便秘、减肥和美容有一些帮助。 常见的猕猴桃有红心、黄心、绿心三种,很多朋友不知道哪种猕猴桃营养价值更高,其实都差不多,三种猕猴桃营养价值差别不大,大家按照喜好选择即可。 第三种:草莓 草莓酸酸甜甜,被称为“果中皇后”,深受大众的喜爱。实际上,草莓不仅口感美味,营养价值也特别好。 每100克草莓中含58.8毫克维生素C,远远超过苹果、梨等水果。草莓还含有丰富的β-胡萝卜素,β-胡萝卜素是合成维生素A的重要物质,具有维持正常夜视力、保护皮肤等多种作用。 草莓果质娇嫩,不易洗净,建议在自来水下用流动水冲洗30秒,浸泡几分钟,然后再用流动水冲洗一下。 文/于康(北京协和医院临床营养科教授) (北京青年报) (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |