资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。
2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
Paxlovid仿制药猜想****** 1月10日,“辉瑞称正与中国伙伴合作”的消息引发市场热议。有报道称,辉瑞公司首席执行官Albert Bourla在旧金山举行的摩根大通医疗保健会议上表示,正与中国的合作伙伴携手,预备从今年上半年开始在中国提供新冠口服药Paxlovid。同时Albert Bourla否认了有些中国公司生产及销售Paxlovid仿制药的消息。在辉瑞Paxlovid无缘医保后,相比降价幅度争论,供应是业界更关注的焦点。若实现本土化生产,Paxlovid的“一药难求”能缓解吗? 本土化生产 Paxlovid本土化生产提速。Albert Bourla在旧金山举行的摩根大通医疗保健会议上表示,正与中国的合作伙伴携手,预备从今年上半年开始在中国提供新冠口服药Paxlovid。 辉瑞中国相关负责人向北京商报记者证实了上述消息。“Albert所提到的就是早些时候与华海药业签订的本地化生产协议,并不是新发生的事情。目前我们双方正在积极推进。”该负责人说道。 2022年8月,华海药业与辉瑞签订了《生产与供应主协议》,华海药业将在协议期内(5年)为辉瑞公司在中国大陆市场销售的Paxlovid提供制剂委托生产服务。具体的合作内容为,辉瑞提供奈玛特韦原料药与利托那韦制剂,华海药业负责奈玛特韦制剂生产,并完成组合包装。 据上述合作内容,华海药业生产的为Paxlovid原研药,而非仿制药。“目前我们公司正配合辉瑞加速推进Paxlovid本地化生产项目的各项工作,以保障Paxlovid在中国市场的充足供应,持续满足中国患者的新冠治疗需求。”华海药业相关人士对北京商报记者说道。 辉瑞方面同时对Paxlovid未进医保的原因作出了解释。辉瑞称,辉瑞与中国就Paxlovid在华定价的谈判已经中断,原因是中国政府要求的价格低于Paxlovid在中低收入国家的售价。 虽然Paxlovid未能纳入国家医保目录,辉瑞方面称,仍将一如既往地配合政府和其他相关合作方,确保Paxlovid在中国市场的充足供应。对方给出的时间表是,未来3-4个月内通过中国本地合作伙伴实现新冠口服药Paxlovid本地化生产。 强仿消息不实 在“一药难求”的背景下,各路黄牛层出不穷,药价炒到上万元,市场上的印度仿制药更是真假难辨。随后,市场传出国家药监局作为牵头部门正与辉瑞就Paxlovid的仿制药合作进行谈判的消息。 辉瑞方面对此予以否认,辉瑞称,报道称中国方面正在与辉瑞就允许当地制药商生产仿制药并进行销售一事进行沟通的消息是不准确的。 《中华人民共和国专利法》规定了可以颁发强制许可的几种情形,具体包括国家出现紧急状态或者非常情况时;为了公共健康目的,对专利药品的制造和出口颁发强制许可等。 北京中医药大学岐黄法商研究中心主任、医药卫生法学教授邓勇对北京商报记者表示,Paxlovid强仿的可能性不大。“我们国家没有动用强制许可制度的先例。少数几个药企曾申请过,也没有成功,比如当年甲型H1N1流感猖獗的时候,白云山制药总厂研发的达菲仿制药‘福泰’因没有获得罗氏制药的许可,于2009年试图向国家药监局申请启动强制许可程序,最终也没有通过。” 邓勇进一步表示,这背后是我国药品政策强调守正创新、保护企业创新积极性的考虑:虽然根据《中华人民共和国专利法》第四十九条的规定,在国家出现紧急状态或者非常情况时,或者为了公共利益的目的,国务院专利行政部门可以给予实施发明专利或者实用新型专利的强制许可。但由于强制许可制度实质架空了专利制度,因此在有替代手段(药企捐赠、医保支付、社会援助)的情况下,不会考虑采用强制许可。如果贸然地采取强制许可,开了先河,那么药企面对动辄投入百亿、耗时极长的新药研发就会望而却步,马上就没有国内企业愿意开发新药了。这样久了以后,就会导致行业里全是仿制药企业,这些企业没有核心技术壁垒,整个市场就会充斥着恶性竞争。 比起降价幅度,Paxlovid的供应是业界更为关注的话题。不同于需要长期服用的慢性病药物,Paxlovid作为新冠治疗药物,有其特殊性。部分患者的需求是,哪怕自费,只要能买到也行。 业内人士撰文指出,“希望Paxlovid进医保,不仅是或者说不是想着这个药能降价,而是希望进了医保之后,这个药的供应能够得到保障,感染了之后符合条件——重症风险高的人能及时用上”。 (文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |